How about the snakes are?

Venom - Neurotoxin
Cobras are recognized by the hoods that flare when they are angry or disturbed.
These reptiles are found throughout the Philippines, southern Asia, and Africa.
The king cobra is the world’s longest poisonous snake. It averages 3.7 m (12 ft) in length but is known to grow to 5.5 m (18 ft). It is a thin snake, olive or brown in color, with bronze eyes.
Spitting cobra: This snake can spray its venom from a distance of about 2.4 m (about 8 ft) into the eyes of its victims, blinding them temporarily and causing great pain.
The venom of cobras, called a neurotoxin, acts powerfully on the nervous system. With effective serum available, however, the death rate from cobra bites in some areas of Asia has decreased. Cobra venom has been used for years in medical research because it has an enzyme, lecithinase, that dissolves cell walls and membranes surrounding viruses.




green pit viper



VIPER Venom - Vasculotoxic
Characterized by a pair of long, hollow fangs, usually with reserve fangs beside them, in the front of the upper jaw. The fangs fold back against the palate when not in use and quickly swing forward to strike, injecting a deadly venom that attacks blood and tissues.
The viper’s broad, triangular head is generally covered with scales, and the eye has a vertical pupil.
They are distributed worldwide, with most found in Africa.
Pit vipers :have deep pits containing heat receptors on each side of the head between the eye and the nostril that enable the snakes to detect warm-blooded prey in the dark.
There are more than 120 species.
Important ones are rattlesnake, moccasin, copperhead, fer-de-lance, and bushmaster. Most inhabit the western hemisphere; a few are native to Asia.

coral snake





Venom - Neurotoxic
Brightly colored venomous snakes of the cobra family.
Coral snakes do not strike, but when touched they bite repeatedly, injecting a deadly poison that acts on the nervous system.
The snakes are marked with a pattern of brightly colored rings or bands that are black, yellow, and red.
About 40 species of coral snakes are known, most of them native to Central and South America.

king snake


King Snake - Constricting snake
These snakes squeeze their prey to death by coiling around it. They eat rodents, birds, and other snakes, including poisonous ones. Curiously, they are not affected by the venom of vipers. A common king snake is the chain snake, named for its chainlike yellow or white markings.
King snakes have Vertical contrasting stripes, rounded head, gentle disposition, eats other snakes. The most famous characteristic of the King Snake is its habit of eating rattlesnakes.

sea snake



SEA SNAKEcommon name for members of a family of poisonous water snakes. Sea snakes inhabit tropical waters from the Persian Gulf to the southwest Pacific Ocean; they are particularly abundant in the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. Usually about 1.5 m (about 5 ft) long, some species may reach 2.7 m (9 ft).
Sea snakes have no gills and must rise to the surface for air, but they can remain underwater for several hours, obtaining dissolved oxygen from water that they swallow and eject.
They feed on fishes and seldon attach humans unless threatened.

Inland taipan



Inland Taipan - Oxyuranus microlepidotus

Inland Taipan is the most toxic land snake in the world, with a lethal dose estimated to be fifty times that of the Indian cobra.
Although the Inland Taipan has the most potent venom of any land snake on earth. It is usually quite shy in nature. Taipan venom is overwhelmingly neurotoxic and thus nervous system is severely affected. Symptoms include vomiting, flaccid paralysis, and eventual respiratory paralysis. If you have these symptoms it is important that you seek immediate medical attention. So try and find an emergency room, doctor, nurse or even someone with an MBA in healthcare to ensure speedy treatment.
The back, sides and tail may be buff-grey to greyish brown, buff-brown, brown or reddish dark brown. The round-Snouted head and neck are usually darker than he body (glossy black in winter, dark brown in summer). The eye is of average size with a blackish brown iris.

The Inland Taipan shelters in rat burrows (probably having eaten the original owners), in deep soil cracks and sink holes, and sometimes in rock crevices and deep fissures. Those that study and build terrain maps using GIS programs is one way of helping to identify such shelters. It feeds on small to medium-sized mammals. The extremely potent venom acts so quickly that the snake can hold the prey until it succumbs without itself suffering injury. In times of plenty, the Inland Taipan can become quite fat; during prolonged drought, it can starve and become remarkably thin.

It is usually most active on the surface in the early half of the morning when it bask. In cooler weather, it is also active in the afternoon; in hot weather it becomes nocturnal.

Dangerous Snakes in the World
Annually, throughout the world, it is estimated there are a minimum of 1 to 2 million snakebite "incidences." This number includes bites by non-venomous species. Of that number roughly 50,000 to 60,000 bites result in fatalities.
The country that has the largest number of snakebite deaths annually is the tiny island of Sri Lanka.

Each year in the United States there are approximately 45,000 snake bite incidences, including non-venomous bites. Only about 8000 of that number are venomous snake bites but a mere 9 to 15 people die.
The Most Dangerous Snakes that kill the most people according to the geographical locations are as given below : -

In the United States the coral snake has a very toxic venom but has killed few people because it is small, secretive and gentle. The most dangerous are the rattlesnakes like the Eastern and Western Diamondbacks. These rattlesnakes are large, have large venom glands, are relatively common, and are more likely to hold their ground and bite.

In Africa common Egyptian Cobras, Saw-scaled Vipers, and Puff Adders would be the most dangerous.

In Asia the common Cobra and the Russell's Viper are the snakes that kill the most people.

Management of Snake Bite

Allay anxiety and fright
Deaths have been reported from shock due to fright even when the bites were by non-poisonous snakes. Hence, it is vital to reassure patients.
  • Not all snakes are poisonous.
  • Not all poisonous snakes are fully charged with venom.
  • Even those that are fully charged do not always inject a lethal dose.
Reassurance helps reduce anxiety related high blood pressure, palpitations, tremors, sweating and rapid breathing.
Check if the bite is due to a poisonous or a non-poisonous snake. Because people who are bitten can't always positively identify a snake, they should seek prompt care for any bite, though they may think the snake is nonpoisonous. Even a bite from a so-called "harmless" snake can cause an infection or allergic reaction in some individuals.
In cases where the snake is killed and brought to the clinic, examination of the snake helps differentiate whether it is poisonous or non-poisonous. In the absence of the snake, the bite mark should be examined using a magnifying lens.
  • If possible, try and keep bitten extremity at body level, when the person is lying. Raising it can cause venom to travel into the body. Holding it down, can increase swelling.
  • Go to nearest hospital or medical facility as soon as possible
  • If possible try to identify the snake and if possible kill and take the snake along to the hospital.
Under Medical Supervision
Administration of anti-venom -
Polyvalent anti-snake venom contains antibodies against cobra, common krait and viper.
5 vials are given if signs are mild -primarily local manifestations.
10 vials if signs are moderate -bleeding from gums, ptosis.
15 vials if signs are severe -vascular collapse, progressive paralysis.
1/3 of the dose should be given subcutaneously (near bite but not in fingers or toes).
1/3 intramuscularly.
1/3 intravenously.
The intravenous dose can be repeated every 6 hours till the symptoms disappear. For sea-snake bites, special antivenoms are available.
More on Anti-Snake Venom and Its Administration
Manage toxic signs/symptoms
Anti-venom acts only against circulating toxin, not toxin fixed to tissue. Therefore, specific measures have to be taken.
In case of neuro toxic signs and symptoms, atropine (0.6 mg) subcutaneously should be followed by 5 injections of neostigmine (0.5 mg) intravenously (repeated 2 hourly depending on response) to reverse muscle paralysis.
In case of vasculotoxic signs and symptoms, fibrinogen along with heparin may be given, but with extreme caution and constant monitoring, as heparin can intensify bleeding.
Take supportive measures
These include blood or plasma transfusion to combat shock, mechanical respiration to combat respiratory distress, antibiotics to prevent secondary infection. Neuromuscular paralysis is the most dreadful complication of snake bite. It may occur within 15 minutes  but may be delayed for several hours.
To tackle hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom, steroids, adrenaline and antihistamines may be given.

Snake venoms, are complex mixtures of enzymatic proteins and different toxins. In terms of their effects, however, they may be broadly categorized as hemotoxic (damaging blood vessels and causing hemorrhage), or neurotoxic (paralyzing nerve centers that control respiration and heart action); they may also contain agents that promote or prevent blood clotting. Among snakes, cobras and coral snakes may be singled out as having a particularly neurotoxic venom.









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